Recommendations of 45th GST Council Meeting

Recommendations of 45th GST Council Meeting.

The first meeting to take place in persons after the impact of COVID-19.

Some key decisions are taken in today’s meeting to augment revenue, stream line GST provisions on portal as per Law and some exemptions were provided for treatment of COVID-19 or extension of concessional rates extended till 31st Dec 2021.

  • Life-saving drugs Zolgensma and Viltepso used in treatment of Spinal-Muscular Atrophy exempted from GST when imported for personal use
  • Extension of existing concessional GST rates on certain COVID-19 treatment drugs upto 31 December 2021
  • GST rates on 7 other medicines recommended by Department of Pharmaceuticals reduced from 12% to 5% till 31
    December 2021
  • GST rate on Keytruda medicine for treatment of cancer reduced from 12% to 5%
  • GST rates on Retro fitment kits for vehicles used by persons with special abilities reduced to5%
  • GST rates on Fortified Rice kernels for schemes like ICDS reduced from 18% to 5%
  • Council also recommends major changes in GST rates and scope of exemption on Services
  • Recommends several clarifications in relation to GST rates on Goods and Services
  • Council recommends several measures relating to GST law and procedure
  • Council decides to set up 2 GoMs to examine issue of correction of inverted duty structure for major sectors and for using technology to further improve compliance, including monitoring

The GST Council’s 45 meeting was held today in Lucknow under the chairmanship of the Union Finance & Corporate Affairs Minister Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman. The GST Council has inter-alia made the following recommendations relating to changes in GST rates on supply of goods and services and changes related to GST law and procedure:

I. Recommendations relating to GST rates on goods and services

A. COVID-19 relief measure in form of GST rate concessions

1. Extension of existing concessional GST rates (currently valid till 30 September, 2021) on following Covid-19 treatment drugs, up to 31 December, 2021 , namely-
a) Nil Rate for Amphotericin B

b) 5% on Remdesivir

c) Nil rate on Tocilizumab

d) 5% on Anti-coagulants like Heparin

2. Reduction of GST rate to 5% on more Covid-19 treatment drugs, up to 31 December, 2021,namely-

a) Itolizumab
b) Posaconazole
c) Infliximab
d) Favipiravir
e) Casirivimab & Imdevimab
f) 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose
g) Bamlanivimab & Etesevimab

Major recommendations on GST rate changes in relation to Goods with effective from 1st Oct 20201 unless otherwise stated

a) GST Rate on Retro fitment kits for vehicles used by the disabled has been reduced from applicable rate to 5%

b) GST Rate on Fortified Rice Kernels for schemes like ICDS etc. has been reduced from 18% to 5%

c) GST Rate on Medicine Keytruda for treatment of cancer has been reduced from 12% to 5%

d) GST Rate on Biodiesel supplied to OMCs for blending with Diesel has been reduced from 12% to 5%

e) GST rate on Ores and concentrates of metals such as iron, copper, aluminum, zinc and few others has been increased from 5% to 12%.

f) GST rates on Specified Renewable Energy Devices and parts has been increased from 5% to 12%

g) GST rates on Cartons, boxes, bags, packing containers of paper etc. has been rationalized to 18% from existing rates of 12% and 18%.

h) GST rates on Waste and scrap of polyurethanes and other plastics has been increased from 5% to 18%.

i) Rates have been rationalized on All kinds of pens from 12% & 18% to 18%.

j) GST Rates on Railway parts, locomotives & other goods in Chapter 86 has been increased from 12% to 18%

h) GST Rates on Miscellaneous goods of paper like cards, catalogue, printed material (Chapter 49 of tariff) has been increased from 12% to 18%.

k) IGST on import of medicines for personal use, has been exempted from the current rate of 12% on Zolgensma
for Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Viltepso for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy & Other medicines used in treatment of muscular atrophy recommended by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Department of Pharmaceuticals.

l) IGST exemption on goods supplied at Indo-Bangladesh Border haats has bee rationalized from existing rates to Nil rate

m) Unintended waste generated during the production of fish meal except for Fish Oil is declared as Nil rated from 1st July 2017 to 30th Sep 2019.

C. Other changes relating to GST rates on goods

  1. Supply of mentha oil from unregistered person has been brought under reverse charge. Further, Council has also recommended that exports of Mentha oil should be allowed only against LUT and consequential refund of input tax credit.
  2. Brick kilns would be brought under special composition scheme with threshold limit of Rs. 20lakhs, with effect from 1.4.2022. Bricks would attract GST at the rate of 6% without ITC under the scheme. GST rate of 12% with ITC would otherwise apply to bricks.

D. Correction in Inverted Duty structure in Footwear and Textiles sector

GST rate changes in order to correct inverted duty structure, in footwear and textiles sector, as was discussed in earlier GST Council Meeting and was deferred for an appropriate time, will be implemented with effect from 01.01.2022.

E. In terms of the recent directions of the Hon’ble High Court of Kerala, the issue of whether specified petroleum products should be brought within the ambit of GST was placed for consideration before the Council. After due deliberation, the Council was of the view that it is not appropriate to do so at this stage.

F. Major GST changes in relation to rates and scope of exemption on Services with effective from 1st Oct 2021 unless otherwise stated

a) Validity of GST exemption on transport of goods by vessel and air from India to outside India is extended upto 30.9.2022.

b) GST rates on Services by way of grant of National Permit to goods carriages on payment of fee has been reduced from 18% Nil Rate

c) GST rates Skill Training for which Government bears 75% or more of the expenditure [ presently exemption applies only if Govt funds 100%]. from current rate of 18% to Nil rate

d) GST rates Services related to AFC Women’s Asia Cup 2022. has been reduced from current rate of 18% to Nil Rate

e) GST rates on Licensing services/ the right to broadcast and show original films, sound recordings, Radio and Television programmes [ to bring parity between distribution and licencing services] has been increased from 12% to 18%.

f) Printing and reproduction services of recorded media where content is supplied by the publisher (to bring it on parity with Colour printing of images from film or digital media) has been increased from 12% to 18%

g) Exemption on leasing of rolling stock by IRFC to Indian Railways withdrawn.

h) E Commerce Operators are being made liable to pay tax on following services provided through them

i) transport of passengers, by any type of motor vehicles through it with effective from 1st Jan 2022.

ii) restaurant services provided through it with some exceptions with effective from 1st Jan 2022

i) Certain relaxations have been made in conditions relating to IGST exemption relating to import of goods on lease, where GST is paid on the lease amount, so as to allow this exemption even if (i) such goods are transferred to a new lessee in India upon expiry or termination of lease; and (ii) the lessor located in SEZ pays GST under forward charge.


G. Clarification in relation to GST rate on Goods

  1. Pure henna powder and paste, having no additives, attract 5% GST rate under Chapter 14.
  2. Brewers’ Spent Grain (BSG), Dried Distillers’ Grains with Soluble [DDGS] and other such residues, falling under HS code 2303 attract GST at the rate of 5%.
  3. All laboratory reagents and other goods falling under heading 3822 attract GST at the rate of12%.
  4. Scented sweet supari and flavored and coated illachi falling under heading 2106 attract GST atthe rate of 18%
  5. Carbonated Fruit Beverages of Fruit Drink” and “Carbonated Beverages with Fruit Juice”attract GST rate of 28% and Cess of 12%. This is being prescribed specifically in the GST rate schedule.
  6. Tamarind seeds fall under heading 1209, and hitherto attracted nil rate irrespective of use. However, henceforth they would attract 5% GST rate effective from 1st Oct 2021 for use other than sowing. Seeds for sowing will continue at nil rate.
  7. External batteries sold along with UPS Systems/ Inverter attract GST rate applicable to batteries [ 28% for batteries other than lithium-ion battery] while UPS/inverter would attract18%.
  8. GST on specified Renewable Energy Projects can be paid in terms of the 70:30 ratio for good sand services, respectively, during the period from 1st July 2017 to 31st Dec 2018 in the same manner as has been prescribed for the period on or after 1 January 2019.
  9. Due to ambiguity in the applicable rate of GST on Fibre Drums, the supplies made at 12%GST in the past have been regularised. Henceforth, a uniform GST rate of 18% would apply to all paper and paper board containers, whether corrugated or non-corrugated.
  10. Distinction between fresh and dried fruits and nuts is being clarified for application of GST rate of “nil” and 5%/12% respectively;
  11. It is being clarified that all pharmaceutical goods falling under heading 3006 attract GST at the rate of 12% [ not 18%].
  12. Essentiality certificate issued by Directorate General of Hydrocarbons on imports would suffice; no need for taking a certificate every time on inter-state stock transfer.

H. Clarification in relation to GST rate on services

  1. Coaching services to students provided by coaching institutions and NGOs under the central sector scheme of ‘Scholarships for students with Disabilities” is exempt from GST
  2. Services by cloud kitchens/central kitchens are covered under ‘restaurant service’, and attract5% GST [ without ITC].
  3. Ice cream parlor sells already manufactured ice- cream. Such supply of ice cream by parlors would attract GST at the rate of 18%.
  4. Overloading charges at toll plaza are exempt from GST being akin to toll.
  5. The renting of vehicle by State Transport Undertakings and Local Authorities is covered by expression ‘giving on hire’ for the purposes of GST exemption
  6. The services by way of grant of mineral exploration and mining rights attracted GST rate of18% with effective from 1st July 2017
  7. Admission to amusement parks having rides etc. attracts GST rate of 18%. The GST rate of28% applies only to admission to such facilities that have casinos etc.
  8. Alcoholic liquor for human consumption is not food and food products for the purpose of the entry prescribing 5% GST rate on job work services in relation to food and food products.

II. On the issue of compensation scenario, a presentation was made to the Council wherein it was brought out that the revenue collections from Compensation Cess in the period beyond June 2022 till April 2026 would be exhausted in repayment of borrowings and debt servicing made to bridge the gap in 2020-21 and 2021-22. In this context various options, as have been recommended by various committees/ forums were presented. The Council deliberated at length on the issue. The Council decided to set up a GoM to examine the issue of correction of inverted duty structure for major sectors; rationalize the rates and review exemptions from the point of view of revenue augmentation, from GST. It was also decided to set up a GoM to discuss ways and means of using technology to further improve compliance including monitoring through improved e-way bill systems, e-invoices, FASTag data and strengthening the institutional mechanism for sharing of intelligence and coordinated enforcement actions by the Centre and the States.

III. Recommendations relating to GST law and procedure

I. Measures for Trade facilitation

1. Relaxation in the requirement of filing FORM GST ITC-04:

Requirement of filing FORM GST ITC-04 under rule 45 (3) of the CGST Rules has been relaxed asunder:
a. Taxpayers whose annual aggregate turnover in preceding financial year is above Rs. 5 crores shall furnish ITC-04 once in six months ;
b. Taxpayers whose annual aggregate turnover in preceding financial year is upto Rs. 5 crores shall furnish ITC-04 annually.

2. In the spirit of earlier Council decision that interest is to be charged only in respect of net cash liability, section 50 (3) of the CGST Act to be amended retrospectively, with effective from 1st July 2017, to provide that interest is to be paid by a taxpayer on “ineligible ITC availed and utilized ” and not on “ineligible ITC availed”. It has also been decided that interest in such cases should be charged on ineligible ITC availed and utilized at 18% with effective from 1st July 2017.

3. Unutilized balance in CGST and IGST cash ledger may be allowed to be transferred between distinct persons
(entities having same PAN but registered in different states) , without going through the refund procedure, subject to certain safeguards.

4. Issuance of the following circulars in order to remove ambiguity and legal disputes on various issues, thus benefiting taxpayers at large:

a. Clarification on scope of “intermediary services

b. Clarification relating to interpretation of the term “merely establishment of distinct person ”in condition (v) of the Section 2 (6) of the IGST Act 2017 for export of services. A person incorporated in India under the Companies Act, 2013 and a person incorporated under the laws of any other country are to be treated as separate legal entities and would not be barred by the condition (v) of the sub-section (6) of the section 2 of the IGST Act 2017 for considering a supply of service as export of services;

c. Clarification in respect of certain GST related issues:

  1. With effective from 1st jan 2021 , the date of issuance of debit note (and not the date of under lying invoice) shall determine the relevant financial year for the purpose of section 16(4) of CGST Act, 2017;
  2. There is no need to carry the physical copy of tax invoice in cases where invoice has been generated by the supplier in the manner prescribed under rule 48(4) of the CGST Rules, 2017;
  3. Only those goods which are actually subjected to export duty i.e., on which some export duty has to be paid at the time of export, will be covered under the restriction imposed under section 54(3) of CGST Act, 2017 from availment of refund of accumulated ITC.

5. Provision to be incorporated in in CGST Rules, 2017 for removing ambiguity regarding procedure and time limit for filing refund of tax wrongfully paid as specified in section77(1) of the CGST/SGST Act and section 19(1) of the IGST Act.

J. Measures for streamlining compliances in GST

1. Aadhaar authentication of registration to be made mandatory for being eligible for filing refund claim and application for revocation of cancellation of registration.
2. Late fee for delayed filing of FORM GSTR-1 to be auto-populated and collected in next open return in
FORM GSTR-3B.
3. Refund to be disbursed in the bank account, which is linked with same PAN on which registration has been obtained under GST.
4.Rule 59(6) of the CGST Rules to be amended with effect from 01.01.2022 to provide that a registered person shall not be allowed to furnish FORM GSTR-1 , if he has not furnished the return in FORM GSTR-3B for the preceding month.
5.Rule 36(4) of CGST Rules, 2017 to be amended, once the proposed clause (aa) of section16(2) of CGST Act, 2017 is notified, to restrict availment of ITC in respect of invoices/ debit notes, to the extent the details of such invoices/ debit notes are furnished by the supplier in FORM GSTR-1/ IFF and are communicated to the registered person in
FORM GSTR-2B

K. GST Council has also recommended amendments in certain provisions of the Act and Rules.


.Note: The recommendations of the GST Council have been presented in this release containing major item of decisions in simple language for information of all stakeholders. The same would be given effect through relevant Circulars/ Notifications/ Law amendments which alone shall have the force of law.

Release ID: 1755925)

Recent Enhancements in e-waybill portal

Enhancements have been incorporated on the e-waybill portal to provide better user experience to taxpayers

GST on service supplied by State Govt. to their undertakings or PSUs by way of guaranteeing loans taken by them

Circular No.154/10/2021-GST dated 17th June 2021

  1. Certain representations have been received requesting for clarification
    regarding applicability of GST on supply of service by State Govt. to their
    undertakings or PSUs by way of guaranteeing loans. The issue was examined by
    GST Council in its 43rd meeting held on 28th May, 2021.
  1. Entry No. 34A of Notification no. 12/2017-Central Tax (Rate) dated 28.06.2017
    exempts “Services supplied by Central Government, State Government, Union territory to
    their undertakings or Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) by way of guaranteeing the loans
    taken by such undertakings or PSUs from the banking companies and financial institutions.”
  2. Accordingly, as recommended by the Council, it is re-iterated that
    guaranteeing of loans by Central or State Government for their undertaking or PSU
    is specifically exempt under said entry No. 34A

GST TIP – 441

As per Circular No 34 dated 1 st March 2018, bus body building is considered as Composite
Supply and based on the contract to contract, the principal supply is to be determined and basis
on which GST will be determined as supply of goods or services.

Editing of Core Fileds in the Registration

Application for Amendment in Registration Particulars (for both core and non-core) service is available on the portal now. Taxpayers who wish to change their particulars may do so now.

To edit the fields, following the navigation path gst.gov.in – Services – Registration – Amendment of Registration Core Fields

The core fields which can be amended are
  • Legal Name of the Business 
  • Trade Name 
  • District 
  • Constitution of Business (Select Appropriate) 
  • All the fields which are given in Details of Principal Place of Business Tab
whenever the above fields are edited, the reason for editing the same along with date has to be provided mandatorily.  This information is required for the audit trail.

GST Tip – 324

Exempted Supplies under GST means supplies which attract Nil or Zero rate under GST for the supply of goods or services or both. It also includes non-taxable supplies under GST. Refer to Notification No.2/2017-Central Tax (Rate) for the list of exempted goods.

Does GTA Services fall under Notification No.8/2017-Central Tax (Rate)?

Before we go and conclude on the topic “Does GTA Services fall under Notification No.8/2017- Central Tax (Rate)” first let’s understand what is reverse charge? where it is applicable along with in which cases it is exempted.

In the normal course of business, taxes are paid by the recipient of goods or services or both to the supplier of goods or services or both and the supplier, in turn, remits the amount of tax collected to the respective tax authorities. In case of reverse charge, the recipient will pay on behalf of the supplier of goods or services or both.  This is clearly defined in sub-section 98 of Section 2 of CGST Act

“reverse charge” means the liability to pay tax by the recipient of supply of goods or services or both instead of the supplier of such goods or services or both under sub-section (3) or sub-section (4) of section 9, or under sub-section (3) or subsection (4) of section 5 of the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act;

The category of goods or services on which reverse charge is applicable is clearly defined sub-section (3)  of section 9 of CGST Act

The Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification, specify categories of supply of goods or services or both, the tax on which shall be paid on reverse charge basis by the recipient of such goods or services or both and all the provisions of this Act shall apply to such recipient as if he is the person liable for paying the tax in relation to the supply of such goods or services or both.

 Sub-section (4)  of section 9 of CGST Act defines clearly states that in case of supply of goods from unregistered taxpayers, the recipient should pay taxes.

The central tax in respect of the supply of taxable goods or services or both by a supplier, who is not registered, to a registered person shall be paid by such person on reverse charge basis as the recipient and all the provisions of this Act shall apply to such recipient as if he is the person liable for paying the tax in relation to the supply of such goods or services or both.

Notification No.4/2017-Central Tax (Rate), clearly gives the list of goods on which reverse charge is applicable.

RS on Goods1

RS on Goods2
RS Goods_2

Notification No. 13/2017- Central Tax (Rate) provides the list of services under which reverse charge is applicable on the list of services under CGST Act.

RS Services 1

RS Services 2

From the above two notifications, it is clear that Reverse charge is applicable on all inward supplies of goods and services. Previously Reverse Charge was applicable only for the services and now under GST it is applicable for the goods also. As GST is a new and taxpayers who are registered under VAT in the erstwhile regime may or not may not be aware in all the states. In order to provide some ease of doing business, the government has given some exemptions for the applicability of Reverse Charge on inward supplies wide Notification No.8/2017-Central Tax (Rate), the same is given below

G.S.R. (E).- In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section 11 of the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 (12 of 2017), the Central Government, on being satisfied that it is necessary in the public interest so to do, on the recommendations of the Council, hereby exempts intra-State supplies of goods or services or both received by a registered person from any supplier, who is not registered, from the whole of the central tax leviable thereon under sub-section (4) of section 9 of the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 (12 of 2017):

Provided that the said exemption shall not be applicable where the aggregate value of such supplies of goods or service or both received by a registered person from any or all the suppliers, who is or are not registered, exceeds five thousand rupees in a day.

Now in the trade, one question which is asked very frequently is that is reverse charge exemption applicable on services like GTA, hamali charges or other freight charges paid by the taxpayers on day to day basis?

If we go through Notification No.8/2017-Central Tax (Rate), it is given for all the inwards supplies from unregistered tax payers by a registered taxpayer. So the above question does not arise that. If the inward supplies based on the above are below Rs 5000 in a day, then reverse charge is not applicable and benefit of the said notification can be taken.

If you have any different view, please share your views in the comments section so that it will be helpful for coming to a common understanding.

Demystifying Employee Gifts under GST

The rollout of Goods and Service is being dubbed to be the mother of all indirect tax reforms in the country but in reality, it is a business process reform. It changes the way we do business in India after the rollout of GST. There is no room for the words purchase or sale of goods in the GST Laws, it replaces these words with Supply. The word supply includes all activities which are undertaken for consideration or in lieu of consideration i.e barter. This nails down all the disputes which are there in the current taxation.

Similar to this we also have another concept called the taxation of employee benefits, though employee benefits are taxed under the current taxation under Income Tax Act 1961, it is being proposed to tax the same under Goods and Service Tax also in India. The taxation of employee benefits has been taken from Malaysia, where GST is implemented from 1st of April 2015.

To understand the tax implication of employee benefits let’s see the definition of Supply and Related Parties.

Supply is defined clearly in section 3 and Schedule I &  II states what activities are to be treated as supply as per the Central Goods and Service Tax Bill introduced in the Parliament

Section – 3

  1. all forms of supply of goods or services or both such as sale, transfer, barter, exchange, licence, rental, lease or disposal made or agreed to be made for a consideration by a person in the course or furtherance of business;
  2. import of services for a consideration whether or not in the course or furtherance of business;
  3. the activities specified in Schedule I, made or agreed to be made without a consideration; and
  4. the activities to be treated as supply of goods or supply of services as referred to in Schedule II.

Schedule I

  1. Permanent transfer or disposal of business assets where input tax credit has been availed on such assets.
  2. Supply of goods or services or both between related persons or between distinct persons as specified in section 25, when made in the course or furtherance of business:

Provided that gifts not exceeding fifty thousand rupees in value in a financial year by an employer to an employee shall not be treated as supply of goods or services or both.

  1. Supply of goods—
    1. by a principal to his agent where the agent undertakes to supply such goods on behalf of the principal; or
    2. by an agent to his principal where the agent undertakes to receive such goods on behalf of the principal.
  2. Import of services by a taxable person from a related person or from any of his other establishments outside India, in the course or furtherance of business.

In paragraph 2 we find the wordings “Provided that gifts not exceeding fifty thousand rupees in value in a financial year by an employer to an employee shall not be treated as the supply of goods or services or both”.

The basis of the above, here we do not have any consideration received but still, GST has to be paid.

Gifts are not normally given to employees for their exceptional performance or during the festivals and these are not part of the offer letter or the appointment letter. Now under GST, ll such gifts either in kind or in cash or in form of services provided by the company will be taxed and it means that the company has to pay GST on such transactions.  When gifts are issued there is no consideration received from the employee, as discussed it is token of appreciation or for their loyalty.

Now companies or establishments have to pay GST similar to the reimbursement costs collected from the employees like issue of duplicate ID card etc.,

Though the schedule talks about the threshold limit of Rs 50,000 one thing which is not clear is “is GST applicable one the gifts from the one rupee or only on the amount which crosses Rs 50,000. As of now, the law is not clear on this point, we need to wait for the final rules and law.

Another question is how to pay the GST, does the company has to issue a tax invoice? If yes will the buyer and seller will be the same? Under which section of the GSTR – 1 return this tax invoice has to be shown? Clarity is also required in this context also.

Value of gifts issues in a financial year means total values of gifts issued during the financial year from time to time, this means that there should be a provision in the accounting or any other software the taxpayer is using to keep track of the same in the system by employee and that should be able to generate a tax invoice once it crosses Rs 50,000 for an employee.

The next question, can the registered taxable person claim input tax on the gifts procured to be distributed to the employees?  Input tax credit is eligible only if used for the furtherance of business or used for the outward supply of goods or services, this is clear from the section 16 and 17 of the CGST Act.  Say for example A Ltd wants to give  Diwali gift to all its employees Halidram sweet boxes costing Rs 3000 each. A Ltd incurs Rs 1,75,000 for bringing the sweet boxes to it is office as transportation costs, is GST paid on the inward transport cost is eligible to be taken as input tax credit?

Section 16 as input tax credit is eligible only if it used for the furtherance of business but in the case of gifts, it will directly impact the furtherance of business. Say if A Ltd does not give Diwali gifts to its employees their morale will come down and resulting in it lower performance and thereby impacting the furtherance of business. The basis of this logic can A Ltd take input tax credit on GST paid on the transportation charges?

Clarity is required in this context also else it can lead to disputes between the trade and industry.

It is normal practice to provide tea or coffee or any other beverage to the employees, though it is not part of the appointment or offer letter, does the cost of coffee or tea cost should be included gifts value? This is not recommended by the government so technically it has to treated as a gift if we go by the clause A of subsection 5 of Section 17 of the CGST Act.

  • the Government notifies the services which are obligatory for an employer to provide to its employees under any law for the time being in force; or

Or we have to wait for the list to be notified by the government, if yes then it should spell out that providing of coffee or tea is not to be treated as gift.

In the meantime, the companies have to relook their practice of giving gifts to employees and also have proper systems in place to pay taxes if any such a need arises. For this, the systems being implemented in place should track the gifts by the employee. The offer letter/appointment letters issued should be revisited and if required the clauses need to be modified in line with the GST requirements. The early they do this activity the better for the organizations.

Any views or opinions represented above are personal and belong solely to the author and do not represent those of people, institutions or organizations that the author may or may not be associated with in professional or personal capacity unless explicitly stated. Any views or opinions are not intended to malign any religion, ethnic group, club, organization, company, or individual.

These examples are based on the information available in the public domain and authors interpretation of the law and may change based on the actual law passed.